Introduction to Diatonic Modes and the Chromatic Scale

The seven diatonic modes are scales built by starting on each degree of the major scale and using the same set of pitches. Beginning on C and playing only white keys produces Ionian (identical to major). Starting on D gives Dorian, E gives Phrygian, F gives Lydian, G gives Mixolydian, A gives Aeolian (identical to natural minor), and B gives Locrian. Each mode has a distinct pattern of whole and half steps and a unique characteristic sound.

Modes are commonly described by their relationship to major or minor. Dorian is like natural minor with a raised 6̂. Phrygian is like natural minor with a lowered 2̂. Lydian is like major with a raised 4̂. Mixolydian is like major with a lowered 7̂. Aeolian is natural minor. Locrian is like natural minor with both a lowered 2̂ and a diminished 5̂. These comparisons make it easy to build any mode from a known starting point.

The chromatic scale uses all twelve pitches within an octave, each a half step apart. It contains no inherent tonal center and no half-step/whole-step pattern of its own — every step is a half step. The chromatic scale is the complete pitch inventory of standard Western tuning. In tonal music, chromatic notes appear as accidentals that add color or drive motion without displacing the diatonic framework.